magazine issue 8 2014 / Issue 22

Living in a safer world: Offering help when surrounded by others for the sake of reputation

• written by Marly van Oirschot & Marco van Bommel
• edited by Dylan Selterman

Gerrard, R., & Thompson, G. (2011). Two million cameras in the UK. CCTV Image, 42. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from http://www.securitynewsdesk.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/CCTV-Image-42-How-many-cameras-are-there-in-the-UK.pdf

Hardy, C. L., & Van Vugt, M. (2006). Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1402–1413.

LaFree, G. (1999). Declining violent crime rates in the 1990s: Predicting crime booms and busts. Annual Review of Sociology, 145–168.

Lai, A. (2012, October 26). Passers-by stood by and did nothing as teen gets beaten up. The Star. Retrieved September 24, 2013 from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/10/26/Passersby-stood-by-and-did-nothing-as-teen-gets-beaten-up.aspx

Levine, M. (1999) Rethinking bystander non- intervention: social categorization and the evidence of witnesses at the James Bugler trial. Human Relations, 52(9), pp 1133-1155.

Levine, M., & Crowther, S. (2008). The responsive bystander: How social group membership and group size can encourage as well as inhibit bystander intervention. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 95, 1429–1439.

McCahill, M. and Norris, C. (2002). CCTV in London (Fifth Framework Programma of the European Commision, UrbanEye: on the threshold of the urban panopticon, Working Paper no. 6). Retrieved December 2, 2012, from http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf

Mercer, D. (2013, September 26). Boy, 16, held after stabbing murder in Croydon. The  independent. Retrieved September 28, 2013 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/boy-16-held-after-stabbing-murder-in-croydon-8841521.html

Mohamed, M. (2013, June 17). Richard Nieuwenhuizen death: Six teenagers and 50-year-old father convicted of manslaughter in shocking case of referee killed over a game of football. The independent. Retrieved September 28, 2013 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/richard-nieuwenhuizen-death-six-teenagers-and-50yearold-father-convicted-of-manslaughter-in-shocking-case-of-referee-killed-over-a-game-of-football-8662177.html

One billion camera phones to be sold worldwide in 2011 (2011, April 7). Cellular-news. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www.cellular-news.com/story/48647.php

Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York, NY US: Viking.

Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). Effects of public and private self-awareness on  deindividuation and aggression. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 43, 503–513.

Schilder, J. (2013). Are we all jerks? Why nobody helps when surrounded by others. In-Mind Magazine, 17.

Spierenburg, P. (2012). Long-term historical trends of homicide in Europe. In Handbook of European Homicide Research (pp. 25–38). Springer New York.

Van Bommel, M., Van Prooijen, J., Elffers, H., & Van Lange, P. M. (2012). Be aware to care: Public self-awareness leads to a reversal of the bystander effect. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 926–930.