daily diary study
Methodology that asks participants to respond to the same survey every day for a set period.
- defined by Malachi Willis
D
deception
The manipulation of someone else’s psychological beliefs. Deception can take many forms, such as lying, or omitting the truth, or other ways to lead someone to believe something that is false.
- defined by Janina Steinmetz
Deese/Roediger-McDermott(DRM)-paradigm
a paradigm that elicits spontaneous false memories; associatively related word lists are presented to participants without mentioning a critical related word that is nonetheless subsequently retrieved by many participants
- defined by Nathalie Brackmann
default
A default is an automatic outcome that requires no effort on our part, such as an opt-out system for organ donation. Rather than having to sign up to donate our organs after death, in an opt-out system this happens automatically unless we make the effort to opt out. This may convey that this is the right thing to do, as well as that organ donation is normal behaviour for a majority of the population.
- defined by Rachel New
default mode network
The Default Mode Network is a neural network that is active when people deal with their inner self. This includes being in an awake idle state, introspection, engaging with autobiographical memory, imagining the future, and thinking about the perspectives of others. Core areas of the network are the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the inferior parietal lobule, the lateral temporal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus.
Reference: R. L. Buckner, J. R. Andrews‐Hanna, and D. L. Schacter, „The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease“, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Bd. 1124, Nr. 1, S. 1–38, 2008, doi: 10.1196/annals.1440.011.
- defined by Sophie G. Elschner
dehumanization
is a denial of humanness to others, we can distinguish two types of dehumanization (Haslam, 2006): animalistic (see Uniquely human) and mechanistic (see Human nature)
- defined by Philippe Bernard
deindividuation
is a psychological state in which the self is arguably lost, individual norms fade out, and impulsive, anti-social behavior follows (but see (Postmes & Spears, 1998)
- defined by Martijn van Zomeren
deontology
theory in moral philosophy prescribing a set of rules that should always be adhered to, such as the prohibition of murder
- defined by Lucius Caviola
A system of ethics that is based on rules about actions rather than their consequences. For example, the argument that it is intrinsically wrong to kill, regardless of the consequences, is deontological.
- defined by Rachel New
depression
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by depressed mood or inner emptiness and loss of interest and energy
- defined by Sarah Mayr
descriptive norms
Norms that describe what most people do are descriptive (as opposed to injunctive or prescriptive norms, which convey which behaviours are morally right).
- defined by Rachel New
desire
This internal consent feeling (also referred to as wantedness) is associated with the aspects of a sexual encounter that make it seem to have been a wanted or willing interaction.
- defined by Malachi Willis
desire
the feeling of wanting to have or do something and thus motivates behavior
- defined by Amir Ghoniem
developmental research
involves the social and mental development of human beings over the course of their life span
- defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin
developmental reversal
the counterintuitive finding that children perform better, thus make less erroneous statements, than adults
- defined by Nathalie Brackmann
diagnosticity
the ratio of correct to incorrect identification decisions. Specifically, the term refers to the ratio of perpetrator choices (hits) in target-present lineups to innocent suspect choices (false alarms) in target-absent lineups
- defined by Melanie Sauerland
diffusion of responsibility
responsibility is shared by the number of bystanders; the responsibility felt by the individual is decreased as the number of bystanders increases
- defined by Janneke Schilder
digisexuality
A sexual orientation that involves sexual attraction with or sexual interest in artificial beings, such as apps or sex robots.
- defined by Malachi Willis
direct intergroup contact
involves an “actual face-to-face interaction between members of clearly defined groups” (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006; p. 754)
- defined by Luca Andrighetto
discrimination
prejudicial treatment of an individual based on their membership, or perceived membership, of a certain group or category
- defined by Jim A. C. Everett
is defined here as unjustified harming people because of their membership in a social group
- defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi
distributive fairness judgments
refers to the perceived fairness of resource distributions
- defined by Jan-Willem van Prooijen
divergent production
a term originally used by Guilford (1956) to describe the mental process of generating more than one solution to a given task; today, the expression divergent thinking is more common and its operationalizations are the basis of many modern creativity tests
- defined by Cara Kahl
dizygotic twins
twins who share on average 50% of their DNA, just like other siblings
- defined by Reut Avinun
DNA
a molecule which carries the genetic information of all living creatures and is mostly located in the cell nucleus
- defined by Melanie Sauerland
Synonyms: deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA analysis
during DNA analysis, different sections of the DNA are inspected and in doing so, a characteristic profile can be obtained for every person
- defined by Melanie Sauerland
doctored video paradigm
researchers record participant’s actions and then edit the video in which fake actions are embedded; in this way, after watching the fake video, participants falsely “remembered” and “believed” that they have performed the fake actions
- defined by Jianqin Wang
domain
a term introduced by Csikszentmihalyi (1999) to describe collective information such as ideas, knowledge, behavior patterns, styles, etc; a domain is a symbolic memory for specific aspects of culture
- defined by Cara Kahl
dorsal striatum
part of the brain’s reward system, which is responsible for the control of motivated behavior
- defined by Arne Sjöström
downward social comparison
a process whereby people elevate their self-esteem by comparing their group to a lower-status group ( Wills, 1981)
- defined by Jessica Cundiff
dual-process model
a psychological model that posits two kinds of processes (e.g., implicit v. explicit, automatic v. controlled)
- defined by Jonathan Jong
dual-process theory
representing two different modes of thinking: a fast, intuitive and emotional one, and a slow, deliberative and logical one
- defined by Lucius Caviola
dual-task paradigm
the dual-task paradigm realizes the simultaneous handling of two component tasks (in comparison to sequential task processing in the task switching paradigm); the typical performance costs (for example: longer response times) during the simultaneous handling of two tasks in comparison to separate single-task processing are called dual-task costs; these costs result from the interference between the component tasks and their coordination (e.g., the regulation of the processing order)
- defined by Tilo Strobach
dynamical system
a set of inter-connected elements that change due to their mutual influences; in a mental system, the elements represent thoughts and feelings; in a social system, the elements represent individuals; in an international system, the elements represent nations
- defined by Jay Michaels