In-Mind glossary

iconology

the study of the meaning of symbols within paintings; it also reconciles the symbols in paintings with their historical context

• defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

identification performance

the witness is confronted with several photos of possible perpetrators; their performance is judged on their ability to correctly identify the perpetrator and reject innocent persons

• defined by Nathalie Brackmann

ideological schemas

are approaches falling on the liberal-conservative continuum, to understanding politically-relevant issues

• defined by Theresa DiDonato

ideology of naïve integration

espouses respect for diversity, however, continues to parallel dominant prejudices 

• defined by Angela Celebre

ideology of pluralism

reflects respect for cultural diversity and desires integration that allows people to maintain their unique subjectivities 

• defined by Angela Celebre

illusory control

or the illusion of control; the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people perceive to be in control over events; typical examples can be found within the contexts of chance-determined events such as gambling and superstitious beliefs

• defined by Bastiaan Rutjens

Image-based social media

social media platforms where users share information predominantly through photographs and other images    

• defined by Bindal Makwana

Imaging techniques

Imaging techniques: refer to non-invasive methods that allow us to gain insights into brain structure, activity and connectivity. One example is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

• defined by Julia Bachmann

implementation goals

sub-goals that specify how you are going to implement your goal; these should give you concrete instructions that help you reach your goal

• defined by Suzanne van Gils

implementation intentions

detailed behavioral plans which specify the when, where, and how of what one will do to reach a certain goal (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006); normal intentions only specify what one intends to do, for instance, a normal intentions might be “I intend to eat less chocolate”, whereas an implementation intention is much more specific and may look like “If I order a dessert in the restaurant, then I will order a fruit salad (to reach my goal of eating less chocolate)!”

• defined by Guido M. van Koningsbruggen

implicit processes

occur automatically, without effort, and without awareness

• defined by Theresa DiDonato

imprinting

is a process by which impressionable young offspring are influenced by visual and auditory stimuli from a parent or foster parent, thereby determining the later behavior of the offspring

• defined by Stephen Bertman

in-group

a group that provides individuals with a sense of belonging, a shared identity and community

• defined by Alba Jasini

refers to a person’s own group, which forms a part of her or his social identity

• defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi

The group we belong to or identify with, as opposed to the relevant outgroup that we don’t belong to. For example, if I am from Northern Ireland and I am a Catholic, my ingroup is all Northern Irish Catholics and the corresponding outgroup is Northern Irish Protestants.

• defined by Rachel New

Synonyms: ingroup

independent

if a person has an independent self-construal, they will seek to maintain their independence by focusing on and expressing their unique inner attributes, this mindset is common in American culture (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

• defined by Robert Thomson

individualism

refers to a cultural worldview that encourages a focus on rights above duties, an emphasis on personal autonomy, uniqueness, self-reliance, and personal independence

• defined by Ayse K. Uskul

a cultural orientation where people stress individual goals and desires, self-reliance, and self-realization, common in many Western cultures (Triandis, 1995)

• defined by Robert Thomson

Information-gathering approach

An approach to interviewing that is information, rather than confession, seeking. It relies on the following: establishing a relationship with the source (rapport), using open-ended questions with the primary intention to obtain truthful information, and uses cognitive cues rather than anxiety based cues for detecting deception. 

• defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

informational learning

“Refers to messages” that one “receives that either explicitly or implicitly convey a heightened sense of risk and threat” (Lebowitz et al., 2016).

• defined by Arash Emamzadeh

ingroup and outgroup

social groups to which an individual feels that he or she belongs, or, in the case of outgroups, towards which an individual feels contempt, opposition, or a desire to compete

• defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

in social psychology research, in-group is the social group to which an individual feels as though he or she belongs as a member; out-group refers to the social group with which the individual does not identify and feels opposition, and a desire to compete

• defined by Luca Andrighetto

injunctive norms

Norms that convey which behaviours are morally right are injunctive or prescriptive (as opposed to descriptive norms, which describe what most people do). They describe how we ought to behave, rather than how we actually do.

• defined by Rachel New

interdependent

a person with an interdependent self-construal will acknowledge and emphasize the fundamental relatedness of people, and will focus on harmony and fitting in with others, this mindset is common in many Asian cultures (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

• defined by Robert Thomson

intergroup conflict

when groups interact in conflict. It is usually studied when it occurs between the ingroup and the outgroup

• defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

Intergroup Contact Hypothesis

proposed by Allport (1954) as an effective way to reduce prejudice between majority and minority members

• defined by Jim A. C. Everett

internalization of the thin ideal

the extent to which an individual accepts socially defined ideals of attractiveness and/or thinness and applies these ideals to themselves; results because individuals internalize attitudes that are approved by significant or respected others (i.e., society)

• defined by Angela Celebre

Interpersonal factors

These are characteristics that influence how two people relate to one-another

• defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

intervention

an action performed to change the regular situation/ behavior most of the time in a study, but also refers to the act of helping

• defined by Janneke Schilder

intimacy

is a sense of friendship, largely powered by self disclosure; if you have this on its own, then you have a platonic friendship

• defined by Alex Gunz

intractable conflicts

are characterized as being total, protracted, violent, and perceived as being unsolvable and of zero-sum nature (see Bar-Tal, 2007)

• defined by Luca Andrighetto

intrinsic religiosity

the extent to which an individual has embraced his/her religious beliefs and endeavors to follow them fully

• defined by Jonathan Jong

introspection

the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings

• defined by Anna Sagana