safety
This internal consent feeling is associated with a calm assurance that everything will be okay. It reflects the absence of worry or distress regarding a sexual encounter.
- defined by Malachi Willis
S
salvation anxiety
anxiety over whether or not a person has obtained salvation, especially referring to Calvinists
- defined by Jonathan Jong
sample
Group of people drawn from a population—or larger group of people—that are recruited to participate in a research study.
- defined by Malachi Willis
schema
a mental or cognitive representation that captures general characteristics of a class of episodes, events, or individuals
- defined by Hans IJzerman
Schema
Stored in long-term memory, schemas help us automatically “perceive, organize, process, and use information,” by guiding “our attention to an environment’s relevant features” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 280). For example, a schema of what an interaction with a teller at a bank should look like, helps one pay attention to only what does not fit the schema, such as unprofessional behavior by the teller.
- defined by Arash Emamzadeh
scope of justice
the perceived relevance of others at work in the decision over whether to apply the same fairness rules to them that are applicable to us (included) or different fairness rules that are applicable to others (excluded)
- defined by Aline Lima-Nunes
screening of passengers by observation techniques
(SPOT) is the training program developed by Professor Ekman in collaboration with Rafi Ron, former chief security officer of the Israeli Airport Authority; it has been introduced by the Transportation Safety Authority (TSA) in the US and the British Aircrafts Authority (BAA) in England; the program aims to use observational techniques to single out individuals for additional inspection based on unusual, anxious or frightened behavior exhibited by passengers at screening checkpoints
- defined by Anastassia Blechko
Synonyms: SPOT
secological psychology
an area within psychology that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats (social ecology), and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior
- defined by Jenny C. Su
self-awareness
the psychological state in which attention is focused inward, on the self, rather than on external environment and stimuli
- defined by Leila Selimbegović
self-concept
the individual’s perception of the characteristics of the self such as physical features, personality traits, social roles, skills, goals, values and hobbies
- defined by Alba Jasini
self-concordant goal
refers to a goal that is chosen because the person wants to reach it for reasons that are internal to the person; self-concordant goals are not externally motivated, the goal is not chosen because somebody else wants the person to reach it
- defined by Suzanne van Gils
self-conscious emotions
Emotions one feels primarily about oneself or one's actions. For example, one feels pride or shame because of one’s achievements or failures.
- defined by Thomas Feiler & Fabian Hutmacher
self-control
the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain an overarching reward, or avoid punishment; presumably, some (smaller) reward or punishment is operating in the short term which precludes, or reduces, the later reward or punishment
- defined by Marieke van Egmond
Synonyms: self-regulation
self-disclosure
sharing sensitive information about yourself with another person
- defined by Robert Thomson
self-efficacy
the belief that one has the capabilities to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations; unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in essence, competence), self-efficacy is the belief (whether or not accurate) that one has the power to produce that effect
- defined by Silvia Barriga
The perception that one’s actions can be effective. In a group context, this means the extent to which you believe your actions will make a difference to an outcome determined by the collective effect of the group’s actions, such as raising enough finance to start a public good.
- defined by Rachel New
self-esteem
an individual’s overall subjective evaluation of his or her own worth
- defined by Bindal Makwana
self-licensing
Deliberately acting against an original plan or goal because of having a justification or an excuse to do so
- defined by Liesemarie Albers
Self-Objectification Questionnaire
(SOQ; Noll & Fredrikson, 1998) in this questionnaire, participants have to rank 10 body attributes in order of importance to their own self-concept; half of them pertain to physical appearance, and the other half are based of physical competence; positive scores indicate greater self-objectification (i.e., greater emphasis on physical appearance rather than on physical competence)
- defined by Philippe Bernard
self-organization
the state of each element adjusts to the current state of other elements to which it is connected in a dynamical system consisting of inter-connected elements
- defined by Jay Michaels
self-perception
is perception of the self as an individual or group member (in the context of self-categorization processes)
- defined by Martijn van Zomeren
self-regulation
refers to the self’s executive function, which makes decisions, initiates actions, and in other ways exerts control over both the self and the environment (Baumeister, 1998)
- defined by Tila Pronk
exercise of influence over one's own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behavior; it includes the deliberate planning and monitoring of one's cognitive and emotional processes during the undertaking of specific tasks, setting realistic goals for task completion using effective strategies to attain the goal or goals
- defined by Silvia Barriga
self-regulatory strength
refers to the internal resources available to inhibit, override or alter responses into goal-directed behaviour (Schmeichel & Baumeister, 2004)
- defined by Tila Pronk
self’s executive function
regulates the self in a goal-directed manner (Baumeister, 1998)
- defined by Tila Pronk
semantic priming
semantic priming is an effect in which exposure to a stimulus unconsciously influences responses to a later conceptually related stimulus; semantic priming is assumed to occur because thinking about an idea leads other related ideas to also come to mind; semantic priming is known to influence the speed at which similar words are recognized; just as seeing the word spider presented on a screen makes it easier to recognize the word spider if it is presented a second time, seeing the word spider also makes it easier to recognize words like web, or venom; semantic priming is also known to influence how people interpret ambiguous stimuli; for example, after reading the word spider over and over again a slight brushing sensation against your foot may be interpreted as something about to run up your leg
- defined by Jesse Chandler
sequential lineup
lineup procedure in which one lineup member is presented after another; there is no option to go back in the process and once a positive identification has been made, the lineup is stopped; the method is meant to support absolute judgments
- defined by Melanie Sauerland
sex
the biological features that distinguish male and female members of a species
- defined by Jennifer Bosson
sexual activity
People define sexual activity differently from study to study. Comprehensive definitions include any behavior that might be sexually arousing, such as making out, genital touching, oral sex, vaginal penetration.
- defined by Malachi Willis
sexual coercion
Tactics, such as pressuring or nagging, to persuade people to engage in unwanted sexual activity.
- defined by Malachi Willis
sexual imprinting
describes the influence of early imprinting on one’s future mate preferences
- defined by Stephen Bertman
sexual orientation
Sexual orientation is defined depending on who a person is physically and emotionally attracted to (for differences on gender, sex, sexual/romantic attraction and sexual orientation see http://itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2012/01/the-genderbread-person).
- defined by Fabio Fasoli & Peter Hegarty
shame
Aversive emotion that often goes hand in hand with a feeling of inadequacy and that we feel when our self-image (in the broadest sense) does not match the image that other people or we have of ourselves due to certain circumstances (e.g., specific behavior).
- defined by Thomas Feiler & Fabian Hutmacher
shared perception
perception is the process by which we take in and understand our surroundings. A shared perception is a perception that two or more people agree upon, they have a shared understanding of some object or event
- defined by Lena Låstad
shared reality
The subjective experience of having something in common with another person in terms of feelings, beliefs, or opinions. It can be target-specific, that is, about a single target object, or generalized, that is, about the world in general.
- defined by Matteo Masi & Yael Bar-Shachar
sickle cell disease
or sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that causes the red blood cells to be malformed (i.e., in a sickle shape); this disease leads to oxygen deprivation of cells in the body, resulting in a decreased lifespan of 40-50 years
- defined by Chris Buchholz
similarity-attraction
the tendency for people to like similar others, as typically studied by psychologists
- defined by Joanna Schug
simulations
occur through simulators, which store information about a specific event in its absence; for example, when we think about being away from others, our skin temperature may decrease, because of the cold and chilly feeling that results from social exclusion (see also Barsalou, 1999)
- defined by Hans IJzerman
simulator sickness
Physical symptoms such as nausea and dizziness that can occur when using virtual reality glasses
- defined by Sarah Mayr
simultaneous lineup
lineup procedure in which all lineup members are presented at once; the method is meant to support relative judgments
- defined by Melanie Sauerland
situational strength
cues provided by environmental forces regarding the desirability of potential behaviors within particular situations; strong situations (situations where situational strength is high) the situation will dictate your behavior; weak situations (situations where situational strength is low) are characterized by little structure and therefore allow more ambiguity with respect to what behaviors to perform
- defined by Marieke van Egmond
social climate
general term for shared perceptions within an organization regarding the general work environment, referred to as organizational climate, or a specific domain, e.g. climate for service, safety climate, or job insecurity climate
- defined by Lena Låstad
social cognition
the study of how people think about, represent, and make sense of their social environment
- defined by Hans IJzerman
social comparison
the process of evaluating oneself by comparing one’s abilities or opinions with those of similar others
- defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton
individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others for the purpose of gaining accurate self-evaluations
- defined by Angela Celebre
the method by which an individual determines his or her own worth based upon an evaluation of others
- defined by Bindal Makwana
social construct
a phenomenon, idea or category that has social or cultural origins
- defined by Hans IJzerman
social contagion of memory
The spread of a memory from one person to others through verbal interaction
- defined by Joanne Rechdan
social coordination
refers to the coordination of one’s actions with the actions of another person in completing a task together (Reis & Collins, 2004); all social activities require coordination and the efficiency of this coordination to a great extend influences the performance (Kelley, Holmes, Kerr, Reis, Rusbult, & Van Lange, 2003)
- defined by Tila Pronk
social Darwinism
was a theory put forward near the end of the 19th century that suggested competition between individuals, groups, and cultures naturally leads to the social and genetic evolution of those societies; based on Darwin’s notion of "survival of the fittest", some advocates of Social Darwinism argued that members of "less advanced" cultures were genetically inferior; this theory became the foundation for the Eugenics Movement
- defined by Chris Buchholz
social dilemmas
situations in which short-term individual interests are at odds with long-term collective interests
- defined by Jeff Joireman
A situation involving a conflict between individual and collective interests
- defined by Rachel New
Synonyms: social dilemma
Social Exchange Theory
a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties; social exchange theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives
- defined by Arno van Voorst
social grooming behaviors
an activity in which members of a group clean one another’s fur; the main benefits of the activity are social – strengthening the bond between the grooming partners – rather than hygienic
- defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton
social group
We belong to multiple groups, either by birth or by choice. Examples of social group memberships are our religious and political affiliations, our gender, our ethnicity, the football team we support and the local community in which we live.
- defined by Rachel New
Synonyms: social groups
social identity
is that part of individuals` self-concept that derived from their "knowledge of their membership in a social group (or groups) together with the value and the emotional significance of that membership" (Tajfel, 1981, p. 255)
- defined by Martijn van Zomeren
We don’t identify and act just as individuals but as members of social groups. For example, we belong to a family, a community, a nation and the planet. Social identity theory (and later self-categorisation theory) proposes that these different group memberships may be made salient at different times, and that we tend to behave in ways that benefit the group rather than the individual.
- defined by Rachel New
Synonyms: social identities
Social Identity Theory
posits that people have a need for positive social identity which requires them to establish a positively valued distinctiveness for their own group compared to other groups (Turner & Reynolds, 2003)
- defined by Hans IJzerman
social image
the image of a person in a group; it is the overall evaluation that the others give about the characteristics of the self
- defined by Alba Jasini
social loafing
Reduced motivation in group tasks. Social loafing occurs when group members have the feeling that their individual contribution to the group task is not identifiable and has no strong impact. Social loafing harms group performance.
- defined by Jan Alexander Häusser
social media
· technology that allows users to share personal information and other forms of expression via virtual communities
- defined by Bindal Makwana
social neuroscience
an interdisciplinary field that uses techniques and methods from cognitive neuroscience to investigate questions about brain mechanisms underlying social processes
- defined by Joe Moran
social norm
largely unwritten group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context
- defined by Marieke van Egmond
When deciding how to behave in different social contexts, we look to others to see what are normal or acceptable behaviours. These standards or rules about how to behave are social norms. Social norms should be divided into two types: descriptive norms describe what most people do; and prescriptive or injunctive norms convey what behaviour is morally right.
- defined by Rachel New
Synonyms: social norms
social support
refers to information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations. It is one of the effective ways by which people can cope with stressful events
- defined by Ayse K. Uskul
social system
vrefers to a social entity composed of more than one part; these parts in turn represent the smallest social unit in the system and they are in a particular relation to one another; a social system can also be connected to other social systems
- defined by Cara Kahl
social validation
the extent to which people feel that their opinions are right, justified and shared among other people
- defined by Namkje Koudenburg
socialization
the process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society
- defined by Marieke van Egmond
the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society), internalize its norms and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society)
- defined by Reut Avinun
socio-ecological approach
an approach to psychology (the science of mind and behavior) that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior (Oishi & Graham, 2010, p. 1)
- defined by Robert Thomson
socio-ecological psychology
an area within psychology that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats (social ecology), and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior
- defined by Jenny C. Su
source derogation
insulting the source of a persuasive message, dismissing their expertise or trustworthiness, or otherwise rejecting their validity; used as a strategy for resisting persuasion
- defined by Angela Celebre
source monitoring
One’s ability to identify the origin of remembered information
- defined by Joanne Rechdan
spoiled pleasure
the reduction in happiness that gains from enacting desires that conflict with goals compared to enacting non-conflicting desires
- defined by Amir Ghoniem
Stage of memory
Memories involve three distinct processes: 1) encoding, in which we take in and process the information, 2) consolidation (also known as storage), in which we convert this information from short-term to long-term knowledge, and 3) retrieval, in which we recall the previously-learned information
- defined by Carey Marr
stereotype lift
a boost in performance caused by comparing oneself to a negatively stereotyped group (Walton & Cohen, 2003)
- defined by Jessica Cundiff
stereotype threat
a situational threat whereby an individual is concerned with being viewed as conforming to a negative stereotype associated with their group ( Steele, 1997)
- defined by Jessica Cundiff
is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. (Steele & Aronson, 1995)
- defined by Nina Regenberg
stereotypes
are beliefs that result from thinking about people categorically; traits attributed to all members of a social group such as Whites or Blacks without considering that some members of that group may not possess those traits
- defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi
Synonyms: stereotype
Stimulus
Difficult to define and perhaps context dependent, it is generally any sensory event that has the potential to elicit a reaction (response) from an organism, like a flash of light or a sound (for a detailed analysis, see Gibson, 1960).
- defined by Arash Emamzadeh
stroop effect
the finding that we automatically read words that are presented to us, even if our task does not require reading the word
- defined by Sascha Topolinski
structural information
non-verbal visual cues represented by facial or body features, or generally appearance
- defined by Anastassia Blechko
subgoal
a small goal that will make you achieve part of your superordinate goal; subgoals help you to cut your plans into pieces and attaining your superordinate goal step-by-step
- defined by Suzanne van Gils
subjective well-being
an individual's cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life
- defined by Jenny C. Su
suggestion-induced false memories
false memories that occur in response to external pressure or misinformation
- defined by Nathalie Brackmann
suggestive prompt
Interview questions that coerce the interviewee to respond accordingly to what the interviewer wants.
- defined by Bruna Calado
supernatural agent
an agent that possess abilities that exceed the intuitively expected limitations or normal agents
- defined by Jonathan Jong
superordinate goal
the goal you want to reach in the end, your main goal; superordinate goals may consist of several subgoals
- defined by Suzanne van Gils
superordinate identity
An identity that encompasses several subordinate groups, such as a national identity that includes all regional identities (such as Londoners, Northerners, etc in the UK). We are able to identify with both the subordinate and the superordinate group simultaneously, such as being a British Muslim, where Muslims are an international group.
- defined by Rachel New
Synonyms: superordinate identities
symbolic racism
refers to disliking a group, while simultaneously believing that egalitarianism is a virtue; prejudiced behavior might be exacerbated for such people in situations that remind them of the others’ perceived shortcomings, and attenuated in situations that remind them of their belief that we’re all part of the great siblinghood of homo sapien sapien
- defined by Alex Gunz
synaesthesia
a neurological condition in which a perception in one sense leads to a sensation in a different sense, or a different aspect of the same sense
- defined by Clare Jonas
synchrony
temporal, rhythmic and smoothly meshed coordination between conversants
- defined by Namkje Koudenburg