magazine issue 11 2015 / Issue 28

Can you nonbelieve it: What happens when you do not believe in your memories?

• written by Jianqin Wang, Henry Otgaar, Mark Howe, Tom Smeets & Harald Merckelbach
• edited by Lieke Braadbaart

Bernstein, D. M., Scoboria, A., & Arnold, R. (2015). The consequences of suggesting false childhood food events. Acta Psychologica, 156, 1–7.

Berntsen, D. (2010). The unbidden past: Involuntary auto-biographical memories as a basic mode of remembering. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 138–142.

Brewer, W. F. (1996). What is recollective memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 19-66). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Clark, A., Nash, R. A., Fincham, G., & Mazzoni, G. (2012). Creating non-believed memories for recent autobiographical events. PLoS ONE, 7(3): e32998. Retrieved from http://www .plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal .pone.0032998.

Horowitz, M. (1986). Stress-response syndromes: a review of post-traumatic and adjustment disorders. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 241-249.

Howe, M. L., & Knott, L. M. (in press). The fallibility of memory in judicial processes: Lessons from the past and their modern consequences. Memory.

James, W. (1890/1950). The principles of psychology (Vol. I). New York: Dover.

Kassin, S. M., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). The psychology of confession evidence: A review of the literature and issues. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 35–69.

Koehler, D. J. (1991). Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 499-519.

Lambert, K., & Lilienfeld, S. (2007). Brain stains. Scientific American Mind, 18, 46–53.

Lipton, A. (1999). Recovered memories in the courts. In S. Taub (Ed.), Recovered memories of child sexual abuse: Psychological, social, and legal perspectives on a contemporary mental health controversy (pp. 165–210). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537

Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning and Memory, 12, 361–366.

Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1994). The malleability of eyewitness confidence: Co-witness and perseverance effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 714–723.

Mazzoni, G. A. L., Clark, A., & Nash, R. A. (2014). Disowned recollections: Denying true experiences undermines belief in occurrence but not judgments of remembering.  Acta Psychologica, 145, 139–146.

Mazzoni, G. A. L., Scoboria, A., & Harvey, L. (2010). Nonbelieved memories. Psychological Science, 21, 1334–1340.

Nash, R. A., Wade, K. A., & Lindsay, D. S. (2009). Digitally manipulating memory: Effects of doctored videos and imagination in distorting beliefs and memories. Memory &Cognition, 37, 414–424.

Ost, J., Costall, A., & Bull, R. (2002). A perfect symmetry? A study of retractors’ experiences of making and then repudiating claims of early sexual abuse. Psychology, Crime & Law, 8, 155–181.

Otgaar, H., Scoboria, A., & Mazzoni, G. (2014). On the existence and implications of nonbelieved memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 349–354.

Otgaar, H., Scoboria, A., & Smeets, T. (2013). Experimentally evoking nonbelieved memories for childhood events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 717–730.

Otgaar, H., Verschuere, B., Meijer, E. H., & van Oorsouw, K. (2012). The origin of children’s implanted false memories: Memory traces or compliance.  Acta Psychologica, 139, 397–403.

Patihis, L., Ho, L. Y., Tingen, I. W., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Loftus, E. F. (2014). Are the “memory wars” over? A scientist-practitioner gap in beliefs about repressed memory. Psychological Science, 25, 519–530.

Piaget, J. (1951). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood (L. Gattegno & F.M. Hodsen, Trans.). New York: Norton.