n-back paradigm
a continuous sequence of different stimuli (for example: letters) is presented and participants have to continually compare the current stimulus in this sequence with the stimulus n steps back (for example one or two steps) in the n-back paradigm; typically, the subjects are then instructed to react (for example: a manual key press) to a match; the performance in this paradigm (for example: detecting a correct match) acts as an indicator for the executive functions updating of information in working memory
narcissism
is love of oneself, a term derived from the Greek myth of Narcissus
neural network
Biological neuronal networks are clusters of multiple neurons that are connected via synapses. They activate together to perform specific functions. Artificial neural networks are computer models that are inspired by biological neural networks.
Reference: D. S. Yeung, I. Cloete, D. Shi, and W. W. Y. Ng, Sensitivity Analysis for Neural Networks. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009.
neuroimaging
refers to the use of various techniques to elucidate the relationship between brain activity and certain mental functions
Neuron
Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the basic functional unit of the nervous system. They receive, process, and transmit electrical and chemical signals. Diverse and complex interactions between neurons enable cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and the interpretation of sensory information. In the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning, a neuron refers to a basic computing unit in a so-called artificial neural network. An artificial neuron receives input signals, processes them using a mathematical function, and generates an output value. Structures with multiple layers of artificial neurons make it possible to recognize complex patterns in data and perform tasks such as image recognition, speech processing, and decision-making.
neuroscience
the study of the nervous system, with a particular focus on brain activity
neuroticism
a psychological conditions or state characterized by neurosis; also, one of the Big Five personality factors (fundamental dimensions of human personality), ranging from one extreme of neuroticism, including such traits ad nervousness, tenseness, moodiness, and temperamentality, to the opposite extreme of emotional stability
non-directive therapist
a type of therapist who is following the method in which the client or patient directs the course
nonbelieved memories
vivid memories that one does not believe to represent genuine past events
nonsense speech
Expressions that retain the basic structure of a language in terms of sound and meaning but replace meaningful content words (e.g., nouns, verbs) with plausible pseudo-words. Nonsense speech is also referred to as “pseudo-utterances”.
Reference: M. D. Pell, L. Monetta, S. Paulmann, and S. A. Kotz, “Recognizing Emotions in a Foreign Language,” J Nonverbal Behav, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 107–120, 2009, doi: 10.1007/s10919-008-0065-7.
nonverbal communication
communication by means other than words; social psychologist sometimes include verbal cues other than the words themselves, such as speech rate or tone, in this category
nostalgia
a sentimental longing for the past
novel conceptual combination task
a task that requires the problem-solver to find an exemplar that belongs to two seemingly non-overlapping concepts
novel food
Novel food includes foods or ingredients that were not consumed to a significant degree in the EU before May 15, 1997. These include, for example, alternative protein sources such as insects or cultivated meat, as well as innovative manufacturing processes. Novel foods must be approved in the EU before they can be made available on the market to ensure that their safety and health risks are adequately assessed.
