In-Mind glossary

paradigm

A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field; in this case a scientific method.     

• defined by Bruna Calado

paranoid schizophrenia

a chronic mental illness, a subtype of schizophrenia, dominated by hallucinations, perceptual disturbances and symptoms of fear

• defined by Flora Almosdi & Adrienn Ujhelyi

passion

is a wrench dropped into our emotions. If experienced on its own without any other types of love is considered mere infatuation

• defined by Alex Gunz

peer culture

the set of shared behaviors, norms, and values created and maintained by children through interaction with their peers

• defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

perceived consensus

the extent to which people feel that they agree with one another

• defined by Namkje Koudenburg

perception

the interpretation of sensory experiences

• defined by Ryan Elder

phobia

anxiety disorder; inappropriately exaggerated fear of and therefore avoidance of certain situations or objects

• defined by Sarah Mayr

phobia

An exaggerated and/or irrational fear: “A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation...out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it” (DSM-5; APA, 2013).

• defined by Arash Emamzadeh

physical evidence

Objects found at a crime scene, such as fingerprints, footprints, handprints, tool marks, fibers etc. 

• defined by Bruna Calado

physical resources

those energy reserves that stem from physical or physiological states of the body, such as age, fitness, or glucose levels

• defined by Shana Cole

physical response

This internal consent feeling is associated with the body's automatic response to an engaging or exciting sexual stimulus.

• defined by Malachi Willis

physiognomic homogamy

is mating based on facial likenesses (a term presumably first used by Griffiths & Kunz, 1973)

• defined by Stephen Bertman

physiological benefits

improve the processes and functions of (parts of) the body

• defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

placebo

Somewhat similar to a control condition, a placebo is used to determine whether an effect of a substance (or treatment) was indeed caused by that specific treatment. A placebo is a similar looking but ineffectual procedure (e.g., a similar looking and tasting pill). The difference between a placebo condition and treatment condition informs about the specific effect of the treatment. Placebos are used to rule out that an effect is merely driven by expectancy effects of the recipient.

• defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

plebeian

lower classes, or of the lower classes; it comes from the Roman term for the people: pleb

• defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

pluralistic ignorance

a situation where a majority of group members falsely assumes that nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned. Especially occurs in ambiguous situations

• defined by Janneke Schilder

positive psychology

a field within psychology which refers to the scientific study of positive experiences and positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development; it is concerened with well-being and optimal functioning and assumes that these are not equal to the absence of sadness, surrefing, and worry, but also include contentment, joy, and satisfaction, which in turn depend on building up and cultivating positive emotions and strengths

• defined by Janina Marguc

power

"an individual’s relative capacity to modify others’ states by providing or withholding resources or administering punishments" (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003, p. 265)

• defined by Thomas Schubert

Pre-registration

In a pre-registration, scientists formally document their research ideas, hypotheses, scientific methods and how they will analyze their data before they conduct the actual study. The goal of a pre-registration is to ensure openness and transparency about how a study was intended. Thus, a pre-registration provides proof about the hypothesis of a study before the results are known. Preregistrations have been argued to increase trust in the interpretation of a study even for researchers themselves who might unwittingly change the way they treat their data in light of what it tells them.

• defined by Oliver Genschow

precarious manhood

the idea that manhood status is widely viewed as both elusive (difficult to achieve) and tenuous (easy to lose)

• defined by Jennifer Bosson

prejudice

any attitude, emotion or behaviour towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies some negativity or antipathy towards that group (Brown, 2011)

• defined by Jim A. C. Everett

an emotional dislike of someone based purely on their group membership; this can be conscious (i.e., “South-Eastern North Dakotans just creep me out”) or unconscious (“I guess we never did hire any of the Black candidates. Funny that.”); they can be justified (“I have inexplicable urges to be mean to child molesters”) or unjustified (“Those Jews, always out to get us”)

• defined by Alex Gunz

priming

the activation of a mental or cognitive representation by increasing its accessibility (and thus also the likelihood it will be used)

• defined by Hans IJzerman

exposing people to words, pictures, or activities that activate certain concepts in their minds

• defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

exposing people to words, pictures, or activities that activate certain concepts in their minds

• defined by Melanie B. Tannenbaum

refers to the phenomenon that exposure to an object or word in one context increases the cognitive accessibility of that object or concept in people’s mind as well as the accessibility of related objects or concepts; these activated concepts influence people’s behavior in subsequent unrelated contexts without them being aware of this influence (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999)

• defined by Guido M. van Koningsbruggen

activating thoughts about a particular subject, topic, or object

• defined by Jessica Cundiff

refers to the incidental activation of knowledge structures, such as trait concepts and stereotypes, by the current situational context. (Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L., 1996)

• defined by Nina Regenberg

Principle of co-construction

Recall of autobiographical events in conversation is both the product of the speaker and the listener    

• defined by Joanne Rechdan

pro-community behavior

• defined by Jenny C. Su

problem-focused coping

problem Focused coping is directed at finding a solution to resolve a problem; includes cognitions and behaviors that are directed at analyzing and solving a difficulty; it may include "chunking" or breaking a problem into more manageable pieces, seeking information, and considering alternatives, as well as direct action

• defined by Silvia Barriga

procedural fairness judgments

refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures

• defined by Jan-Willem van Prooijen

processing fluency theory

The processing fluency shows how easy it is for our brain to process a stimulus. Easier to process stimuli and information are retrieved from memory faster, (aesthetically) preferred, and judged as more true.

Reference: A. L. Alter and D. M. Oppenheimer, „Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation“, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev., Bd. 13, Nr. 3, S. 219–235, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1177/1088868309341564.

• defined by Sophie G. Elschner

procrastinate

the tendency to postpone (unpleasant) tasks in favor for more pleasurable tasks, sometimes to the “last minute” before reaching a deadline

• defined by Amir Ghoniem

procrastination

Voluntary delay of an important and/or planned task, which is often unpleasant (see procrastinate)

• defined by Liesemarie Albers

pronunciation simulations

even if we read something silently, our articulation system (the mouth) is engaged, like in an inner speech

• defined by Sascha Topolinski

Synonyms: subvocal articulation

prosocial behavior

Voluntary helpful behaviour that has positive consequences for other people

• defined by Sarah Mayr

Prototype Analysis

are a series of studies in which researchers ask people to list words associated with a particular subject and then rate the most frequently listed words for how central (or prototypical) they are to the subject, for example, if asked to list words associated with fruit, frequently appearing, centrally rated words might include: apple, orange, and banana; whereas, infrequent or non-central words might include: kiwi, star fruit, and kumquat

• defined by Greg Strong

psychoanalysis

An early form of psychotherapy, it aims to increase a person’s “awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning”; such insights help free the person from “unconscious influences,” and as a result, problematic symptoms diminish (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 656).

• defined by Arash Emamzadeh

psychogenic

originating from the mind

• defined by Ted Cascio

psychological attachment

a positive emotional response and connection towards a person, place, or object

• defined by Jenny C. Su

psychological attachment

• defined by Jenny C. Su

psychological costs

The internal discomfort people might experience when doing something against their beliefs or values. Psychological costs can mean to feel shame or guilt, or to doubt one’s positive self-image. Such costs can keep people from doing something immoral or undesirable, even when no one witnesses the behavior, to prevent feeling bad about oneself afterwards.

• defined by Janina Steinmetz

psychological health

a person’s overall mental condition

• defined by Clay Routledge

psychological resources

those energy reserves that stem from psychological or mental states of the body, such as motivations, desires, and feelings of energization

• defined by Shana Cole

psychological threat

an experience or situation that undermines psychological health and has the potential to lead to distress

• defined by Clay Routledge

PTSD

posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition that can occur after a traumatic event like war, assault, or disaster; symptoms include disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance of memories of the event, etc.

• defined by Jianqin Wang

public goods dilemma

Whereas commons dilemmas involve taking from a resource, public goods dilemmas involve giving to a resource. Environmental examples include: increased taxes to improve local recycling facilities, and voluntary contributions or time to preserve local wildlife. If an individual does not contribute, she may still free-ride and benefit from the public good, but if no one contributes, the resource will either fail to come into existence or fail to flourish. (See laboratory social dilemmas for a description of how this works experimentally.)

• defined by Rachel New

Publication bias

Publication bias refers to the effect that the outcome of a study can influence the likelihood of being published. If only “positive”, statistically significant results are published in scientific journals and studies with negative and inconclusive results remain unknown, the overall strength of a finding is in doubt. One reason for publication bias might be that researchers forego to publish results that are not statistically significant, because they regard them as less interesting. Inconclusive results may also have a diminished chance to be accepted by scientific journals. Pre-registration of research has been proposed as one means to combat publication bias.

• defined by Oliver Genschow

purchase intentions

the stated likelihood that someone will buy a product in the future

• defined by Ryan Elder