The p-factor of psychopathology refers to a general dimension of mentalhealth vulnerability that captures the shared variance across differentmental healthdisorders.It represents a common underlying liability that explains why many mental disorders (e.g.,depression, anxiety, substance use, psychosis) tend to co-occur.
A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field; in this case a scientific method.
a chronic mental illness, a subtype of schizophrenia, dominated by hallucinations, perceptual disturbances and symptoms of fear
is a wrench dropped into our emotions. If experienced on its own without any other types of love is considered mere infatuation
the set of shared behaviors, norms, and values created and maintained by children through interaction with their peers
the extent to which people feel that they agree with one another
The process in which someone with mental health problems builds a meaningful and fulfilling life, despite the disorder.
Perspective taking: “looking at a situation from a viewpoint that is different from one’s usual viewpoint. This may involve adopting the perspective of another person or that associated with a particular social role, as in role play exercises. The term is synonymous with role taking” (APA dictionary, n.d.).
anxiety disorder; inappropriately exaggerated fear of and therefore avoidance of certain situations or objects
An exaggerated and/or irrational fear: “A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation...out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it” (DSM-5; APA, 2013).
Objects found at a crime scene, such as fingerprints, footprints, handprints, tool marks, fibers etc.
those energy reserves that stem from physical or physiological states of the body, such as age, fitness, or glucose levels
This internal consent feeling is associated with the body's automatic response to an engaging or exciting sexual stimulus.
is mating based on facial likenesses (a term presumably first used by Griffiths & Kunz, 1973)
improve the processes and functions of (parts of) the body
Somewhat similar to a control condition, a placebo is used to determine whether an effect of a substance (or treatment) was indeed caused by that specific treatment. A placebo is a similar looking but ineffectual procedure (e.g., a similar looking and tasting pill). The difference between a placebo condition and treatment condition informs about the specific effect of the treatment. Placebos are used to rule out that an effect is merely driven by expectancy effects of the recipient.
lower classes, or of the lower classes; it comes from the Roman term for the people: pleb
a situation where a majority of group members falsely assumes that nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned. Especially occurs in ambiguous situations
Political efficacy refers to the belief in one’s ability to effectively influence political and social systems.
R. J. Watts, M. A. Diemer, and A. M. Voight, "Critical consciousness: Current status and future directions," New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, no. 134, pp. 43–57, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.310
Positionality is the collection of personal values, perspectives, and experiences that affect one’s worldview. Often, people consider the unique intersections of their identities that influence their positionality. Positionality can shift based on one’s location in space and time, lending some identities to be more salient than others.
L. Alcoff, "Cultural feminism versus post-structuralism: The identity crisis in feminist theory," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 405–436, 1988. [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174166
A state of feeling comfortable, connected, and at home in the body, rather than preoccupied with appearance.
a field within psychology which refers to the scientific study of positive experiences and positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development; it is concerened with well-being and optimal functioning and assumes that these are not equal to the absence of sadness, surrefing, and worry, but also include contentment, joy, and satisfaction, which in turn depend on building up and cultivating positive emotions and strengths
"an individual’s relative capacity to modify others’ states by providing or withholding resources or administering punishments" (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003, p. 265)
In a pre-registration, scientists formally document their research ideas, hypotheses, scientific methods and how they will analyze their data before they conduct the actual study. The goal of a pre-registration is to ensure openness and transparency about how a study was intended. Thus, a pre-registration provides proof about the hypothesis of a study before the results are known. Preregistrations have been argued to increase trust in the interpretation of a study even for researchers themselves who might unwittingly change the way they treat their data in light of what it tells them.
Also referred to as inoculation. A preventative measure that aims to warn or prepare people to recognise and resist misinformation they might encounter at a later point. A psychological vaccination against misinformation.
Prebunking means warning people about false claims before they come across them. It helps people recognize and understand the common tricks and mistakes behind these myths. This makes it less likely that people will be fooled by false information or spread it to others.
the idea that manhood status is widely viewed as both elusive (difficult to achieve) and tenuous (easy to lose)
any attitude, emotion or behaviour towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies some negativity or antipathy towards that group (Brown, 2011)
an emotional dislike of someone based purely on their group membership; this can be conscious (i.e., “South-Eastern North Dakotans just creep me out”) or unconscious (“I guess we never did hire any of the Black candidates. Funny that.”); they can be justified (“I have inexplicable urges to be mean to child molesters”) or unjustified (“Those Jews, always out to get us”)
Prejudice: “a negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. Prejudices can include an affective component (e.g., nervousness, anger, contempt, pity, hatred) and a cognitive component (assumptions and beliefs about groups, including stereotypes). Prejudice is typically manifested behaviorally through discriminatory behavior. Prejudicial attitudes tend to be resistant to change because they distort our perception of information about the target group. Prejudice based on racial grouping is racism; prejudice based on perceived sexual orientation is homophobia and biphobia; prejudice based on sex or gender (including transphobia) is sexism; prejudice based on chronological age is ageism; and prejudice based on disability is ableism” (APA dictionary, n.d.).
the activation of a mental or cognitive representation by increasing its accessibility (and thus also the likelihood it will be used)
exposing people to words, pictures, or activities that activate certain concepts in their minds
exposing people to words, pictures, or activities that activate certain concepts in their minds
refers to the phenomenon that exposure to an object or word in one context increases the cognitive accessibility of that object or concept in people’s mind as well as the accessibility of related objects or concepts; these activated concepts influence people’s behavior in subsequent unrelated contexts without them being aware of this influence (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999)
activating thoughts about a particular subject, topic, or object
refers to the incidental activation of knowledge structures, such as trait concepts and stereotypes, by the current situational context. (Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L., 1996)
Recall of autobiographical events in conversation is both the product of the speaker and the listener
behaviorthat isbeneficial to the community and its residents
problem Focused coping is directed at finding a solution to resolve a problem; includes cognitions and behaviors that are directed at analyzing and solving a difficulty; it may include "chunking" or breaking a problem into more manageable pieces, seeking information, and considering alternatives, as well as direct action
refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures
Refers to the fairness and transparency of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is achieved when individuals feel that they are heard in decisions that affect them and that these decisions are based on fair and transparent criteria.
The processing fluency shows how easy it is for our brain to process a stimulus. Easier to process stimuli and information are retrieved from memory faster, (aesthetically) preferred, and judged as more true.
Reference: A. L. Alter and D. M. Oppenheimer, „Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation“, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev., Bd. 13, Nr. 3, S. 219–235, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1177/1088868309341564.
the tendency to postpone (unpleasant) tasks in favor for more pleasurable tasks, sometimes to the “last minute” before reaching a deadline
Voluntary delay of an important and/or planned task, which is often unpleasant (see procrastinate)
even if we read something silently, our articulation system (the mouth) is engaged, like in an inner speech
Synonyms: subvocal articulation
Voluntary helpful behaviour that has positive consequences for other people
are a series of studies in which researchers ask people to list words associated with a particular subject and then rate the most frequently listed words for how central (or prototypical) they are to the subject, for example, if asked to list words associated with fruit, frequently appearing, centrally rated words might include: apple, orange, and banana; whereas, infrequent or non-central words might include: kiwi, star fruit, and kumquat
An early form of psychotherapy, it aims to increase a person’s “awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning”; such insights help free the person from “unconscious influences,” and as a result, problematic symptoms diminish (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 656).
a field of research within cognitive psychology that focuses on understanding the processes underlying language and language use.
a positive emotional response and connection towards a person, place, or object
a positive emotional response and connection towards a person, place, or object
The internal discomfort people might experience when doing something against their beliefs or values. Psychological costs can mean to feel shame or guilt, or to doubt one’s positive self-image. Such costs can keep people from doing something immoral or undesirable, even when no one witnesses the behavior, to prevent feeling bad about oneself afterwards.
The ways in which the mind of individuals works, encompassing thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
those energy reserves that stem from psychological or mental states of the body, such as motivations, desires, and feelings of energization
an experience or situation that undermines psychological health and has the potential to lead to distress
State of well-being including a positive mood and emotional state, low levels of stress, good social interactions and personal satisfaction.
A stage-based process of acquiring psychomotor, emotional, and cognitive skills, which is also influenced by the surrounding environment.
posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition that can occur after a traumatic event like war, assault, or disaster; symptoms include disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance of memories of the event, etc.
Whereas commons dilemmas involve taking from a resource, public goods dilemmas involve giving to a resource. Environmental examples include: increased taxes to improve local recycling facilities, and voluntary contributions or time to preserve local wildlife. If an individual does not contribute, she may still free-ride and benefit from the public good, but if no one contributes, the resource will either fail to come into existence or fail to flourish. (See laboratory social dilemmas for a description of how this works experimentally.)
Publication bias refers to the effect that the outcome of a study can influence the likelihood of being published. If only “positive”, statistically significant results are published in scientific journals and studies with negative and inconclusive results remain unknown, the overall strength of a finding is in doubt. One reason for publication bias might be that researchers forego to publish results that are not statistically significant, because they regard them as less interesting. Inconclusive results may also have a diminished chance to be accepted by scientific journals. Pre-registration of research has been proposed as one means to combat publication bias.
the stated likelihood that someone will buy a product in the future
