magazine issue 2 2012 / Issue 14

“Look in my eyes. I said in my eyes!”: Antecedents and Consequences of (Self-) Objectification

• written by Philippe Bernard, Christophe Leys & Olivier Klein
• edited by Rosanna Guadagno

Bernard, P., Gervais, S., Campomizzi, S., Allen, J., & Klein, O. (2012). Self-objectification and recognition of sexually objectified bodies: A vicious circle. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Calogero, R. M. (2004). A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 16-21.

Calogero, R.M. (2009). Objectification Processes and Disordered Eating in British Women and Men. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 394-402.

Calogero, R.M., & Thompson, J.K. (2009). Potential implications of the objectification of women’s bodies for women’s sexual satisfaction.  Body Image, 6, 145-148.

Carr, E.R., Szymanski, D.M. (2011). Sexual Objectification and Substance Abuse in Young Adult Women. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, 39-66.

Cikara, M., Eberhardt, J.L., & Fiske, S.T. (2010). From Agents to Objects: Sexist Attitudes and Neural Responses to Sexualized Targets. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 540-551.

Crandall, C.S. (1991). Do heavy-weight students have more difficulty paying for college? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 606-611.

Crandall, CS. (1995). Do parents discriminate against their heavy weight daughters? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 724-735.

Engeln-Maddox, R. (2006). Buying a beauty standard or dreaming of a new life? Expectations associated with media ideals. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 258-266.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.

Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T. A., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284.

Gapinski, K., Brownell, K., & LaFrance, M. (2003). Body objectification and fat talk: Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance.  Sex Roles, 48, 377-388.

Gay, R.K., & Castano, E. (2010). The body or my mind: The impact of state and trait objectification on women’s cognitive resources. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 695-703.

Gervais, S. J. Vescio, T. K., & Allen, J. (2011). When what you see is what you get: The consequences of the objectifying gaze for men and women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 5-17.

Gervais, S.J., Vescio, T.K., Maass, A., Förster, J. & Suitner, C. (2011). When her whole = he sum of her parts: Seeing women as sexual objects. Manuscript under revision.

Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.

Gurung, R.A.R., & Chrouser, C.J. (2007). Predicting Objectification: Do Provocative Clothing and Observers Characteristics Matter? Sex Roles, 57, 91-99.

Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 252-264.

Heflick, N., & Goldenberg, J. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 598-601.

Heflick , N.A., Goldenberg, J.L., Cooper, D.P. & Puvia, E. (2011). From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 572-581.

Katzmarzyk, P.T., & Davis, C. (2001). Thinness and body shape of Playboy centerfolds from 1978 to 1998. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 590-592.

Kaschak, E. (1992). Engendered lives: A new psychology of women’s experience. New York: Basic Books.

Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., Augustus-Horvath, C. L., & Denchik, A. (2007). Development and psychometric evaluation of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 176-189.